Introduction
One of man’s best inventions is drugs, especially disease-specific ones. Drugs are substances other than food, which can prevent, relieve the symptoms, or cure an abnormality or disease. Globally, the cost of drugs has soared over the years, resulting in a situation whereby low-income earners are unable to buy branded medications. In underdeveloped and developing countries where food and drug agencies have poor capacity to perform their regulatory functions optimally, we tend to see the proliferation of substandard or fake drugs. So many times, this ugly trend is energized by not just greed but by the market demands for affordable medications.
Why Medication exceeds expiry date
To mitigate the challenge of not being able to buy drugs, when necessary, people from resource-limited settings stack up some essential medications in their homes, which eventually exceed the best before or expiry dates on them. Sometimes, doctors could change a patient’s prescription because of reactions, allergies, or inability to purchase the drug, which could result in leftover drugs that eventually exceed the expiration date. Also, big pharmacies and patent-drug stores cannot sell all their stock, leading to the expiration of some drugs. This situation has raised many questions about the safety of these drugs after their expiration or beyond the “best before” date. Because of the importance of drugs and the health risks involved when taken wrongly, people have always consciously discarded unused drugs when it’s past the expiration date, even one day.
How Safe is a drug after the expiry date?
The debate about drugs being safe after their expiration date has persisted over the years, as many people still hold the opinion that pharmaceutical companies deliberately label their drugs with short shelf lives to guarantee steady patronage. Eventually, most of these unused drugs are discarded. The context that drugs can still be safe for a long time after expiration has gained several affirmations. In a recent study by Benjamin Davido and others titled ‘Efficacy of Expired Antibiotics: A Real Debate in the Context of Repeated Drug Shortages’ published in MDPI Journal “Antibiotics”, it was reported that when appropriately stored in line with the expected conditions, no expired antibiotics tested failed to be potent after one year of expiration. In another study by Sushil Sharma and others, titled ‘A study to investigate the chemical potency, physical stability, and efficacy of analgesic agents over a period of two years post their expiry date’ published in the “Medical Journal Armed Forces India”, it was seen that drugs such as Diclofenac, Piroxicam, and Ibuprofen retained their stability, analgesic efficacy, chemical active ingredients and by implication their potency up to a duration of two years after expiration.
Important factors to consider
However, the issues of proper storage and handling can play a big role, especially in the tropical climate of West Africa and other geographical regions. Hence, people in the tropics may have to rely on their capacity to store their drugs in the required condition in deciding whether to use a drug past the expiration date or not.
Conclusion
This article doesn’t advocate for the use of expired medication but to reduce anxiety about accidental use. It is essential to understand factors that impact drug stability.
(Written by Ebenezer Dic-Ijiewere PhD.)
NB: Always consult your healthcare professionals regarding expired medications to ensure medication safety and effectiveness.
Successful interventions for managing or reducing effects of Postpartum depression (PPD)Postpartum depression (PPD) presents a significant public health concern, affecting not only the physical and mental well-being of mothers but also that of their infants. Research suggests that approximately 13 million women worldwide are diagnosed with PPD annually (Xu et al., 2023). Mild depressive symptoms are experienced by around 50% to 75% of mothers, with 10% to 15% developing postpartum depression within the first week after childbirth (Xu et al., 2023).
Understanding preventive measures to reduce its prevalence is very crucial.
1. Exercise intervention has proven effective in preventing PPD disorders. In a 12-week exercise intervention study, aerobic exercise was found to relieve postpartum depression symptoms in PPD patients. Engaging in suitable aerobic exercise during pregnancy has been reported to promote pelvic mobility and improve birth canal space to relieve maternal labor pain. However, it also aids in preventing pregnancy complications. Studies suggest that PPD symptoms may manifest during pregnancy, with a similar 12% occurrence rate of depression reported, which indicates that preventive measures during pregnancy may have a significant impact on reducing PPD (Xu et al., 2023).
Moreover, research indicates that the antidepressant effects of exercise can persist beyond the cessation of physical activity. Therefore, research suggested that incorporating aerobic exercise into prenatal care may substantially prevent PPD more than exercise as a postpartum treatment strategy.
Engaging in moderate exercise during pregnancy can reduce the likelihood of developing postpartum depression (PPD) among expectant mothers. Partaking in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week significantly enhances the efficacy of physical activity in preventing and treating PPD (Xu et al., 2023). Moderate aerobic exercise prompts the release of endorphins, which uplift mood and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, it helps regulate hormone levels, improve sleep quality, and enhance self-awareness and self-esteem, thereby positively influencing the mitigation of postpartum depression (Xu et al., 2023).
Also, social support plays a vital role in maintaining the mental well-being of pregnant and postpartum women, with supervised exercise and team-based exercise serving as effective avenues for providing such support. For instance,
• Team exercise fosters a positive environment for maternal emotional communication, and sharing maternal emotions enhances mothers’ childbirth knowledge and skills, reduces fear of labor pains, alleviates negative emotions, improves interpersonal communication, and enhances self-efficacy (Xu et al., 2023).
• Supervised exercise, which involves physical activities piloted and supervised by healthcare professionals or fitness trainers, ensuring that exercises are safe and suitable for individual pregnant and postpartum women. Participating in supervised exercise classes or programs also offers opportunities for social interaction, which is critical for mental well-being and can lighten feelings of isolation by connecting with other new mothers and professionals in a supportive setting (Xu et al., 2023).
2. Music therapy, when used as an adjunct to conventional psychotherapies, has been shown to improve physiological symptoms and effectively reduce negative emotions without any adverse side effects. It can positively impact and alleviate symptoms of PPD, offering a safe and affordable substitute to standard treatments. Music therapy is considered to reduce the need for pharmacological interventions during PPD treatment. Research has indicated that music therapy interventions such as music listening, improvisation, songwriting, singing, relaxation and meditation, and lyric analysis effectively reduce the risk of prolonged PPD and it can encourage strengths, empower individuals, and foster connections with themselves and others (Patch & Short, 2022).
References
Xu, H., Liu, R., Wang, X., & Yang, J. (2023). Effectiveness of aerobic exercise in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression: Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0287650–e0287650. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287650
Patch, M. C., & Short, A. E. (2022). Addressing the “Baby Blues”: Developing a Music Therapy Model for Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Depression. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 33(2), 82–90. https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10&sid=e5bc3ad9-8160-4ed8-bb4f-752141ecd9c5%40redis
Key Strategies to Cope with StressStress has a significant impact on overall health, playing a crucial role in the development of various diseases and placing a substantial strain on the healthcare system (Shchaslyvyi et al., 2024). It is closely linked to numerous long-term health problems, especially cardiovascular conditions, which are often worsened by daily psychosocial pressures like job-related stress (Shchaslyvyi et al.,2024) It is essential to understand the healthy ways to cope with or manage stress.
Various strategies recommended according to the CDC (2025)
- Take Care of Your Mind
Limit news and social media exposure: Excessive exposure to harmful or distressing news can exacerbate stress.
Make time to unwind: Incorporate relaxation practices such as deep breathing, stretching, or meditation.
Keep a journal: Writing can help you process emotions, reflect on your thoughts, and release tension.
Spend time outdoors: Whether you are being active (walking, hiking) or just relaxing outside, nature can be a calming presence.
Practice gratitude: Regularly noting things you are grateful for helps improve emotional well-being.
Connect with others: Talking to trusted friends, family, or community/faith-based groups provides support.
- Take Care of Your Body
Get enough sleep: The CDC recommends 7 hours or more per night for adults and suggests maintaining a consistent sleep schedule.
Move more: Physical activity is one of the most effective ways to reduce stress; even small amounts can help.
Eat well: A balanced diet (fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, low-fat dairy) supports both physical and mental health.
Limit alcohol and avoid substance misuse: Moderating alcohol intake, avoiding illegal drugs, and not misusing prescription medication are essential.
Avoid tobacco: Smoking, vaping, and the use of other tobacco products can worsen stress or its effects.
Stay up to date with healthcare: Regular check-ups, screenings, and vaccinations help you maintain your physical health — which can help buffer stress.
- Integrate Physical and Mental Health
The CDC emphasizes that mental well-being and physical health are closely linked. Regular physical activity is not only good for the body but also supports emotional resilience.
It encourages finding a “right combination” of coping techniques that work for you — not everyone copes the same way.
- Know When to Seek Extra Support
The CDC notes that while stress is everyday, chronic stress (long-term) can lead to serious health problems.
If you’re struggling to cope or stress is affecting your daily life, it’s okay to reach out for help. They list resources, including crisis lines.
Sources
CDC. (2025)
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(8), 1077–1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081077
The Health Risk Hiding In Your Light Switch and How to Prevent ItLight at night (LAN) refers to the use of artificial or natural light during nighttime hours for visibility purposes.
Deprato et al. (2025) reports that approximately 80% of the global population is exposed to light-polluted skies, and LAN is now considered a major environmental pollutant. Sources include streetlights, vehicles, homes, industries, and even atmospheric reflections.
LAN disrupts the body’s circadian rhythm, the internal 24-hour clock regulated by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus. When artificial light interferes with natural dark–light patterns, it delays the circadian clock and sleep-wake cycle, leading to melatonin suppression, sleep disturbances, and an increased risk of various diseases (Deprato et al., 2025). Blue-rich and bright LED lights cause the most significant disruption (Deprato et al., 2025). The study reports that LAN exposure is linked to higher rates of depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other severe mental disorders, likely due to circadian misalignment, sleep deprivation, and changes in brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine.
Implications:
1.The findings suggest that light pollution and artificial light exposure at night are not only environmental/visual concerns but also have mental health implications.
2. Encourages rethinking nighttime habits — including screen use before bed, bedroom lighting, blackout curtains, and managing exposure to streetlights or indoor lights at night.
3.The implications of light at night may vary by culture or by groups
4. Designing homes and neighborhoods that minimize intrusive nighttime lighting in bedrooms, promoting lighting standards that consider human health
Prevention/ Mitigation strategies
1.Reduce screen time before bed: Use “night mode” or blue-light filters on devices, dim the brightness, and avoid stimulating content.
2. Improve bedroom lighting: Use blackout curtains, turn off or dim indoor lights, remove bright electronic indicators, and opt for warm, low-intensity lighting in the evening.
3. Maintain a consistent sleep–wake schedule: Even if artificial light is present, a regular circadian rhythm helps mitigate disruptions.
4. Use lighting design for sleep: In the evening, switch to warmer (red/orange) wavelengths; avoid bright overhead white/blue light late at night.
5.Monitor and adjust ambient outdoor lighting: If streetlights are intrusive, consider using blackout curtains or an eye mask; if indoor lighting spills into the night, turn off non-essential lights.
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179188
Contributing factors to the High Obesity Rates Among African American WomenResearch reports that American women are disproportionately affected, with the highest obesity rates among all groups in the U.S. About 80% are classified as overweight or obese.
Disparities in weight loss
Research indicates that African American (AA) women tend to lose less weight compared to their Caucasian counterparts.
Contributing Factors
The contributing factors to the disparities are;
- Limited access to nutritious food
- Inadequate health insurance
- Lack of safe spaces for physical activity
Barriers to Weight Management
Challenges that hinder weight management efforts include:
- Personal beliefs
- Limited time
- Family dynamics
- Lack of motivation
- Financial constraints
Cultural Influence on Body Image
Cultural norms within the AA community, which often embrace larger body sizes and promote a positive body image, can also influence health behaviors. While fostering a positive body image has psychological benefits, it may reduce motivation to maintain a healthy weight. In Black culture, obesity and being overweight are often considered acceptable and carry little to no stigma. Cultural perspective may partially explain why general health promotion efforts are less effective in this community. The study reports that many Black female students aim to embody the culturally valued “thick and curvy” figure, consuming specific foods to shape their bodies while avoiding activities that might result in weight loss.
Why it may be difficult to seek care
A deep-rooted distrust of the healthcare system makes it difficult for many AA women to seek medical advice or treatment.
Physical inactivity as a health risk factor
Underestimating body weight can reduce engagement in healthy behaviors, such as regular physical activity. Physical inactivity is a major contributor to non-communicable diseases and mortality, emphasizing the need to address these issues within the AA community.
How to Decrease High Cholesterol LevelsHigh cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) refers to elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)—which is widely regarded as a key modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL-C can deposit in arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow arteries and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Meanwhile, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) is considered “good” cholesterol because it helps transport cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver for excretion. Several factors can increase the level of cholesterol in the blood, as indicated below
Factors That Contribute to Elevated Cholesterol
- Poor diet
- Lack of Physical Exercise
- Excess body weight
- Smoking increases cholesterol profile, and excessive alcohol increases triglycerides
- Genetic traits
- Chronic stress and poor sleep
- Diet low fiber
To decrease high cholesterol in the blood, it is important to make positive changes to health behaviors by following the strategies below:
Strategies to Decrease High Cholesterol Levels
- Reduce intake of saturated and trans fats, and substitute with MUFA and PUFA-rich foods such as fatty fish(Salmon and Mackerel), olive oil/canola oil, Avocado/nuts
A study by Okobi et al. (2023) found that an avocado-rich diet can lower total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
- Increase consumption of food high in soluble fiber, such as oats, fruits, apples, and legumes.
- Regular aerobic exercise for 150 minutes/week lowers LDL and triglycerides and improves HDL.
- Losing excessive weight will improve LDL profiles.
- Quitting smoking will improve cardiovascular health and HDL levels
Our connections with family, friends, and colleagues are crucial. Individuals who have strong social connections and supportive relationships are more likely to adopt healthy lifestyles and effectively cope with stress, anxiety, and depression, especially during difficult times. A supportive network of family members, close friends, and colleagues provides a sense of belonging and emotional support.
Ways to create meaningful impacts are;
1.Showing kindness: Providing a listening ear, checking in on them, offering assistance, or simply sharing a smile can profoundly influence the overall well-being of others.
2. Promoting physical activity: Encouraging others to participate in physical activities such as organizing sports events, walking or running together, or engaging in group activities can enhance physical and social well-being.
3. Spreading awareness and education: Educating others about healthy lifestyle choices, including proper nutrition, exercise, and stress management, can empower them to make positive life changes.
4. Promoting a healthy diet: Sharing recipes, discussing healthy eating habits, organizing cooking classes, and advocating for nutritious foods can encourage healthier dietary choices.
5. Supporting access to healthcare: Being present for others during difficult times is crucial and can significantly improve their lives. Providing transportation to healthcare facilities encourages them to seek professional help when needed, and assisting with paperwork can make access easier.
6. Advocating for policy changes: Supporting policies and initiatives that promote public health, such as mental health services, water regulation, and access to healthcare, can have a broad impact on the well-being of entire communities.
7. Assisting those with chronic illnesses: Offering understanding and support to individuals with chronic health conditions can help them manage their conditions and enhance their quality of life.
