Should we throw away our medicines after the ‘Best Before’ or Expiry date?

Should we throw away our medicines after the ‘Best Before’ or Expiry date?

Introduction

One of man’s best inventions is drugs, especially disease-specific ones. Drugs are substances other than food, which can prevent, relieve the symptoms, or cure an abnormality or disease. Globally, the cost of drugs has soared over the years, resulting in a situation whereby low-income earners are unable to buy branded medications. In underdeveloped and developing countries where food and drug agencies have poor capacity to perform their regulatory functions optimally, we tend to see the proliferation of substandard or fake drugs. So many times, this ugly trend is energized by not just greed but by the market demands for affordable medications.

Why Medication exceeds expiry date

 To mitigate the challenge of not being able to buy drugs, when necessary, people from resource-limited settings stack up some essential medications in their homes, which eventually exceed the best before or expiry dates on them. Sometimes, doctors could change a patient’s prescription because of reactions, allergies, or inability to purchase the drug, which could result in leftover drugs that eventually exceed the expiration date. Also, big pharmacies and patent-drug stores cannot sell all their stock, leading to the expiration of some drugs. This situation has raised many questions about the safety of these drugs after their expiration or beyond the “best before” date. Because of the importance of drugs and the health risks involved when taken wrongly, people have always consciously discarded unused drugs when it’s past the expiration date, even one day.

How Safe is a drug after the expiry date?

The debate about drugs being safe after their expiration date has persisted over the years, as many people still hold the opinion that pharmaceutical companies deliberately label their drugs with short shelf lives to guarantee steady patronage. Eventually, most of these unused drugs are discarded. The context that drugs can still be safe for a long time after expiration has gained several affirmations. In a recent study by Benjamin Davido and others titled ‘Efficacy of Expired Antibiotics: A Real Debate in the Context of Repeated Drug Shortages’ published in MDPI Journal “Antibiotics”, it was reported that when appropriately stored in line with the expected conditions, no expired antibiotics tested failed to be potent after one year of expiration. In another study by Sushil Sharma and others, titled ‘A study to investigate the chemical potency, physical stability, and efficacy of analgesic agents over a period of two years post their expiry date’ published in the “Medical Journal Armed Forces India”, it was seen that drugs such as Diclofenac, Piroxicam, and Ibuprofen retained their stability, analgesic efficacy, chemical active ingredients and by implication their potency up to a duration of two years after expiration.

Important factors to consider

However, the issues of proper storage and handling can play a big role, especially in the tropical climate of West Africa and other geographical regions. Hence, people in the tropics may have to rely on their capacity to store their drugs in the required condition in deciding whether to use a drug past the expiration date or not.

Conclusion

This article doesn’t advocate for the use of expired medication but to reduce anxiety about accidental use. It is essential to understand factors that impact drug stability.

(Written by Ebenezer Dic-Ijiewere PhD.)

NB: Always consult your healthcare professionals regarding expired medications to ensure medication safety and effectiveness.

Four lifestyle changes to reduce the development of uterine fibroids (UFs) Four lifestyle changes to reduce the development of uterine fibroids (UFs)

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors found in women of reproductive age, with a disproportionate impact on women of color. These disparities are believed to be combined with environmental, genetic, and socio-economic factors.

 Some of the lifestyle changes that can help prevent or reduce the development of uterine fibroids are;

  1. Decreasing Alcohol consumption: It’s advised that women decrease their alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of developing uterine fibroids (UFs). Studies have reported an association between alcohol intake and an increased likelihood of UFs (Somayeh Vafaei et al., 2024). Studies believe that alcohol may alter hormone levels and disrupt hormonal balance, contributing to the formation of UFs. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on unique health occurrences. By being mindful of alcohol consumption and adhering to recommended limits, proactive steps can be taken to lower the risk of UFs.
  2. Engage in at least four hours of vigorous physical activity per week: Research has found a significant association between an increased BMI and the risk of UFs. Obesity is believed to be a contributing factor to UF. Studies believe that women who engage in at least four hours of vigorous physical activity per week are more likely to encounter a decrease in the risk factors of UFs.
  3. Consuming more fruits, Vegetables, and dietary fibers:  High intake of processed and refined foods, unhealthy fats, and sugary drinks, and low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods may contribute to hormonal imbalances, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby encouraging the growth of UFs as indicated in the research. Additionally, a lack of fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods has been reported to be associated with an elevated risk of UFs. Fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich food are excellent sources of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help combat oxidative stress and inflammation (Somayeh Vafaei et al., 2024). Specifically, Dietary fiber has been indicated to have protective impacts against UFs by supporting hormonal balance and improving regular bowel movements. Hence, adopting a healthy and balanced diet with whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential.
  4. Managing stress:  Studies have found that chronic psychological stress could increase the risk of uterine fibroids and indicated a significant link between chronic psychological stress and an elevated risk of UFs, predominantly among non-Hispanic Black women (Somayeh Vafaei et al., 2024). Eating healthy, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, relaxing, connecting with friends and family, and practicing mindfulness are some ways to manage stress. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060807
6 strategies to maintain physical and mental well-being 6 strategies to maintain physical and mental well-being.

Developing new, healthier habits could shield you against life-threatening conditions like diabetes and obesity. Creating new routines that include regular exercise and a healthy diet may also help you lose weight and feel more energized. Here are six strategies to maintain good physical and mental well-being.

  1. Make regular exercise a part of your daily routine.: Regular exercise depends on maintaining a healthy weight, building stronger bones and muscles, and enhancing cardiovascular health. On most days of the week, try to get at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise. Look for things to do that you enjoy, like biking, swimming, dancing, walking, and running.
  2. Seek routine medical examinations: See your doctor regularly to ensure preventive care and early detection of potential health issues. Make regular check-up appointments with your physician and abide by their recommendation regarding tests and screenings.
  3. Make getting enough sleep a priority: Your body needs rest to rejuvenate and heal. Aim for 7 to 8 hours of sound sleep every night. Make a soothing bedtime ritual, stick to a regular sleep schedule, and abstain from caffeine and screen time right before bed.
  4. Manage stress effectively: Your physical and mental health may suffer if you experience persistent stress. Try healthy stress-reduction strategies, like working out, practicing relaxation, or going outside. Consider getting professional assistance if you’re struggling to manage your stress alone.
  5. Establish a Support Network: Tell your loved ones, a support group, or friends about your health objectives. Support networks can offer accountability, inspiration, and encouragement. Look for a friend or workout partner who shares your health objectives to foster connections and increase the enjoyment of activities.
  6. Prioritize a wholesome diet: Achieve this by managing a healthy weight, enhancing your immune system, and relying on a well-balanced, nutrient-rich diet to supply your body with the essential nutrients needed for optimal functioning.

Limit processed foods, sugar-filled beverages, and high amounts of unhealthy and saturated fats. Instead, concentrate on eating abundant fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Contributing factors to the High Obesity Rates Among African American Women Contributing factors to the High Obesity Rates Among African American Women

Research reports that American women are disproportionately affected, with the highest obesity rates among all groups in the U.S. About 80% are classified as overweight or obese.

Disparities in weight loss

Research indicates that African American (AA) women tend to lose less weight compared to their Caucasian counterparts.

Contributing Factors

The contributing factors to the disparities are;

  • Limited access to nutritious food
  • Inadequate health insurance
  • Lack of safe spaces for physical activity

Barriers to Weight Management

Challenges that hinder weight management efforts include:

  • Personal beliefs
  • Limited time
  • Family dynamics
  • Lack of motivation
  • Financial constraints

Cultural Influence on Body Image

Cultural norms within the AA community, which often embrace larger body sizes and promote a positive body image, can also influence health behaviors. While fostering a positive body image has psychological benefits, it may reduce motivation to maintain a healthy weight. In Black culture, obesity and being overweight are often considered acceptable and carry little to no stigma. Cultural perspective may partially explain why general health promotion efforts are less effective in this community. The study reports that many Black female students aim to embody the culturally valued “thick and curvy” figure, consuming specific foods to shape their bodies while avoiding activities that might result in weight loss.

Why it may be difficult to seek care

A deep-rooted distrust of the healthcare system makes it difficult for many AA women to seek medical advice or treatment.

Physical inactivity as a health risk factor

Underestimating body weight can reduce engagement in healthy behaviors, such as regular physical activity. Physical inactivity is a major contributor to non-communicable diseases and mortality, emphasizing the need to address these issues within the AA community.

Seven ways to create a meaningful impact on the health and well-being of others:

Our connections with family, friends, and colleagues are crucial. Individuals who have strong social connections and supportive relationships are more likely to adopt healthy lifestyles and effectively cope with stress, anxiety, and depression, especially during difficult times. A supportive network of family members, close friends, and colleagues provides a sense of belonging and emotional support.

  Ways to create meaningful impacts are;

1.Showing kindness: Providing a listening ear, checking in on them, offering assistance, or simply sharing a smile can profoundly influence the overall well-being of others.

    2. Promoting physical activity: Encouraging others to participate in physical activities such as organizing sports events, walking or running together, or engaging in group activities can enhance physical and social well-being.

    3. Spreading awareness and education: Educating others about healthy lifestyle choices, including proper nutrition, exercise, and stress management, can empower them to make positive life changes.

      4. Promoting a healthy diet: Sharing recipes, discussing healthy eating habits, organizing cooking classes, and advocating for nutritious foods can encourage healthier dietary choices.

        5. Supporting access to healthcare: Being present for others during difficult times is crucial and can significantly improve their lives. Providing transportation to healthcare facilities encourages them to seek professional help when needed, and assisting with paperwork can make access easier.

          6. Advocating for policy changes: Supporting policies and initiatives that promote public health, such as mental health services, water regulation, and access to healthcare, can have a broad impact on the well-being of entire communities.

          7.Assisting those with chronic illnesses: Offering understanding and support to individuals with chronic health conditions can help them manage their conditions and enhance their quality of life.

          Risk Factors for Uterine Fibroids Among Black Women Risk Factors for Uterine Fibroids Among Black Women

          Uterine fibroids (UFs) represent the most prevalent non-cancerous tumors among women of reproductive age. Symptomatic fibroids can lead to significant health issues and are the primary reason for hysterectomies in the United States and globally, contributing to substantial socioeconomic impacts and affecting over 70% of women of reproductive age (Langton et al., 2024). African American women tend to develop fibroids approximately 10 years earlier than White women in the US and bear a disproportionate health burden from these tumors

          Black women experience UFs at higher rates, with an earlier onset, more severe symptoms, and faster disease progression compared to other groups.

          According to Sithembinkosi Ndebele (2024), 85% of participants were non-Hispanic Blacks. Black participants had a higher likelihood of a UF diagnosis, and the following risk factors were reported contributing to the high prevalence of UFs in Black individuals:

          1. Socioeconomic Status: Lower socioeconomic status is reported to increase the rates of UFs.
          2. Adverse Environmental Exposures: Increased exposure to environmental pollutants is associated with a higher prevalence of UFs.
          3. Chronic Stress: Experiences that increase chronic stress are significant contributors.

          Lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, closely tied to neighborhood characteristics, further influence UF prevalence. These factors include:

          1. Body Mass Index (BMI): A higher BMI correlates with a higher risk of UFs.
          2. Alcohol Use: Regular alcohol consumption is positively correlated with UF diagnosis.
          3. Income and Occupation: These factors influence access to healthy food and healthcare.

          References

          Langton, C. R., Harmon, Q. E., & Baird, D. D. (2024). Family History and Uterine Fibroid Development in Black and African American Women. JAMA Network Open7(4), e244185–e244185. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4185

          Sithembinkosi Ndebele, Turner, T., Liao, C., Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy, Randorf, N., Ahsan, H., Kunle Odunsi, & Obianuju Sandra Madueke-Laveaux. (2024). Uterine Fibroid Prevalence in a Predominantly Black, Chicago-Based Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health21(2), 222–222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21020222

          Postpartum Depression Risk Factors and the Impacts on Health Postpartum Depression Risk Factors and the Impacts on Health

          Postpartum depression (PPD) is characterized by a major depressive episode that begins within four to six weeks following delivery, as per international diagnostic criteria. Recurrence rates for PPD are high, with 40% of affected women experiencing depression again in their lifetime and nearly 50% facing another episode in subsequent pregnancies. Symptoms of PPD encompass fatigue, irritability, anxiety, lack of pleasure, feelings of helplessness, sleep and appetite disturbances, indifference towards life events, low self-esteem, and feelings of incompetence as a parent, among others. PPD is considered a multifactorial condition influenced by both environmental and genetic risk factors for depression.

          Risk factors for PPD  include:

          • Previous depression.
          • Adverse life events.
          • Lack of social support.
          • Socioeconomic position.
          • Personal and family psychiatry history.
          • Stressful experiences (such as trauma).
          • Specific pregnancy-related factors.
          • Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurring close to or during pregnancy also elevates the risk of postpartum depression.

          The impacts of PPD are significant and extend beyond the affected individual. They include poor attachment between the mother and newborn, potential stunted growth and low weight in the child, disrupted breastfeeding, and adverse effects on the infant’s cognitive, emotional, and social development. There is also an increased risk for psychiatric disorders in the child during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Women of color and those with lower incomes are more likely to suffer from postpartum depression and may face barriers to accessing treatment (Gopalan et al., 202).

          The four-stage process to regain control

          Women experiencing PPD often undergo a four-stage process in an attempt to regain control:

          1. In the initial stage, mothers grapple with intense worries, persistent obsessive thoughts, and difficulties focusing.
          2. In the second stage, women feel a sense of loss of their “regular selves,” describing a robotic feeling while caring for their infants. Withdrawal may occur, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide may surface.
          3. The third stage involves women planning strategies to overcome PPD, such as seeking help from healthcare providers, engaging in prayer, or finding comfort in support groups.
          4. In the final stage, women regain control of their thoughts and feelings as despair lifts.