Prevalent Barriers to obesity within the African American population.

Research reports that American women are disproportionately affected, with the highest obesity rates among all groups in the U.S. About 80% are classified as overweight or obese.

Disparities in weight loss

Research indicates that African American (AA) women tend to lose less weight compared to their Caucasian counterparts.

Contributing Factors

The contributing factors to the disparities are;

• Limited access to nutritious food
• Inadequate health insurance
• Lack of safe spaces for physical activity

Barriers to Weight Management

Challenges that hinder weight management efforts include:

• Personal beliefs
• Limited time
• Family dynamics
• Lack of motivation
• Financial constraints

Cultural Influence on Body Image

Cultural norms within the AA community, which often embrace larger body sizes and promote a positive body image, can also influence health behaviors. While fostering a positive body image has psychological benefits, it may reduce motivation to maintain a healthy weight. In Black culture, obesity and being overweight are often considered acceptable and carry little to no stigma. Cultural perspective may partially explain why general health promotion efforts are less effective in this community. The study reports that many Black female students aim to embody the culturally valued “thick and curvy” figure, consuming specific foods to shape their bodies while avoiding activities that might result in weight loss.

Why it may be difficult to seek care

A deep-rooted distrust of the healthcare system makes it difficult for many AA women to seek medical advice or treatment.

Physical inactivity as a health risk factor

Underestimating body weight can reduce engagement in healthy behaviors, such as regular physical activity. Physical inactivity is a major contributor to non-communicable diseases and mortality, emphasizing the need to address these issues within the AA community.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a chronic and intricate ailment associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, primarily attributed to atherosclerotic lesions in coronary vessels, ultimately leading to myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Unhealthy eating habits, often influenced by chronic inflammation, are closely linked to CHD. Various health conditions, lifestyle choices, as well as your age and family history, can elevate the risk of developing heart disease; approximately 47% of Americans have at least one of the three primary risk factors for heart disease: high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and smoking. Certain risk factors for heart disease, such as age or family history, are beyond your control. However, you can proactively reduce your risk by changing the factors you can control.

Behaviors that heighten the risk for heart disease are

• Smoking: The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that cardiovascular disease causes 800,000 deaths and 400,000 premature deaths per year. About one-fifth and one-third of these result from smoking, respectively. Additionally, research reported that smoking resulted in a 51% increased risk of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes. Cigarette smoking has the potential to harm the heart and blood vessels, amplifying the risk for heart conditions like atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Even nonsmokers face an increased risk of heart disease when exposed to secondhand smoke.
• Excessive alcohol consumption can elevate blood pressure and elevate the risk of heart disease. It also leads to increased triglyceride levels, a fatty substance in the blood associated with an elevated risk of heart disease.
• Sedentary lifestyle: Insufficient physical activity is a precursor to heart disease and can strengthen the likelihood of other medical conditions that serve as risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Engaging in regular physical activity can effectively decrease the risk of heart disease.
• Unhealthy Eating Habits: A diet rich in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol has been associated with heart disease and related conditions like atherosclerosis. Recent research has provided more explicit evidence that trans-fat significantly raises the risk of cardiovascular disease by adversely affecting lipids, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and inflammation. For each 2% increase in calories consumed from trans-fat, there is a 23% higher risk of coronary artery disease. Recent studies and systematic reviews have focused on red and processed meat consumption. The research consistently demonstrates an increased risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular events. The risk ranges from 15% to 29% higher with red meat consumption and 23% to 42% higher with processed meat consumption

Measures for Reducing the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

•  Educating children and adolescents about the dangers of smoking to deter the initiation of tobacco use. The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) reported that the risk of coronary artery disease decreases to the level of lifetime nonsmokers within four years of quitting and within ten years. 
• The DASH, Mediterranean, and vegetarian diets have the most evidence for cardiovascular disease prevention. The DASH diet has been shown to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 11.5 mmHg in adults with hypertension. Additionally, reported findings indicate a 21% reduction in coronary artery disease risk with adopting the DASH diet.
•  The American Heart Association suggests substituting saturated fat with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. A 5% shift from saturated fat to polyunsaturated fat consumption is linked to a 10% lower risk of coronary artery disease.
• Engaging in about 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity significantly lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is characterized by activity that maintains a heart rate between 50 to 70 percent of the individual’s maximum heart rate, calculated as 220 beats per minute minus the person’s age.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors found in women of reproductive age, with a disproportionate impact on women of color. These disparities are believed to be combined with environmental, genetic, and socio-economic factors.

 Some of the lifestyle changes that can help prevent or reduce the development of uterine fibroids are;

1. Decreasing Alcohol consumption: It’s advised that women decrease their alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of developing uterine fibroids (UFs). Studies have reported an association between alcohol intake and an increased likelihood of UFs. Studies believe that alcohol may alter hormone levels and disrupt hormonal balance, contributing to the formation of UFs. It is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on unique health occurrences. By being mindful of alcohol consumption and adhering to recommended limits, proactive steps can be taken to lower the risk of UFs.
2. Engage in at least four hours of vigorous physical activity per week: Research has found a significant association between an increased BMI and the risk of UFs. Obesity is believed to be a contributing factor to UF. Studies believe that women who engage in at least four hours of vigorous physical activity per week are more likely to encounter a decrease in the risk factors of UFs.
3. Consuming more fruits, Vegetables, and dietary fibers:  High intake of processed and refined foods, unhealthy fats, and sugary drinks, and low consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods may contribute to hormonal imbalances, inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby encouraging the growth of UFs as indicated in the research. Additionally, a lack of fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods has been reported to be associated with an elevated risk of UFs. Fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich food are excellent sources of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help combat oxidative stress and inflammation. Specifically, Dietary fiber has been indicated to have protective impacts against UFs by supporting hormonal balance and improving regular bowel movements. Hence, adopting a healthy and balanced diet with whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential.
4. Managing stress:  Studies have found that chronic psychological stress could increase the risk of uterine fibroids and indicated a significant link between chronic psychological stress and an elevated risk of UFs, predominantly among non-Hispanic Black women. Eating healthy, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, relaxing, connecting with friends and family, and practicing mindfulness are some ways to manage stress.

Introduction

One of man’s best inventions is drugs, especially disease-specific ones. Drugs are substances other than food, which can prevent, relieve the symptoms, or cure an abnormality or disease. Globally, the cost of drugs has soared over the years, resulting in a situation whereby low-income earners are unable to buy branded medications. In underdeveloped and developing countries where food and drug agencies have poor capacity to perform their regulatory functions optimally, we tend to see the proliferation of substandard or fake drugs. So many times, this ugly trend is energized by not just greed but by the market demands for affordable medications.

Why Medication exceeds expiry date

 To mitigate the challenge of not being able to buy drugs, when necessary, people from resource-limited settings stack up some essential medications in their homes, which eventually exceed the best before or expiry dates on them. Sometimes, doctors could change a patient’s prescription because of reactions, allergies, or inability to purchase the drug, which could result in leftover drugs that eventually exceed the expiration date. Also, big pharmacies and patent-drug stores cannot sell all their stock, leading to the expiration of some drugs. This situation has raised many questions about the safety of these drugs after their expiration or beyond the “best before” date. Because of the importance of drugs and the health risks involved when taken wrongly, people have always consciously discarded unused drugs when it’s past the expiration date, even one day.

How Safe is a drug after the expiry date?

The debate about drugs being safe after their expiration date has persisted over the years, as many people still hold the opinion that pharmaceutical companies deliberately label their drugs with short shelf lives to guarantee steady patronage. Eventually, most of these unused drugs are discarded. The context that drugs can still be safe for a long time after expiration has gained several affirmations. In a recent study by Benjamin Davido and others titled ‘Efficacy of Expired Antibiotics: A Real Debate in the Context of Repeated Drug Shortages’ published in MDPI Journal “Antibiotics”, it was reported that when appropriately stored in line with the expected conditions, no expired antibiotics tested failed to be potent after one year of expiration. In another study by Sushil Sharma and others, titled ‘A study to investigate the chemical potency, physical stability, and efficacy of analgesic agents over a period of two years post their expiry date’ published in the “Medical Journal Armed Forces India”, it was seen that drugs such as Diclofenac, Piroxicam, and Ibuprofen retained their stability, analgesic efficacy, chemical active ingredients and by implication their potency up to a duration of two years after expiration.

Important factors to consider

However, the issues of proper storage and handling can play a big role, especially in the tropical climate of West Africa and other geographical regions. Hence, people in the tropics may have to rely on their capacity to store their drugs in the required condition in deciding whether to use a drug past the expiration date or not.

Conclusion

This article doesn’t advocate for the use of expired medication but to reduce anxiety about accidental use. It is essential to understand factors that impact drug stability.

(Written by Ebenezer Dic-Ijiewere PhD.)

NB: Always consult your healthcare professionals regarding expired medications to ensure medication safety and effectiveness.

The rising cost of living has become a significant public health concern, particularly for low-income individuals who are struggling daily to survive. Addressing the social determinants of health among this population remains an urgent issue, as many face ongoing challenges accessing essential needs such as food, housing, transportation, and healthcare. During my assessment of some of the low-income individuals, I found that several individuals eat only once a day to save money for rent. Many reported choosing to go hungry rather than risk homelessness. Some have been living in their cars for nearly a year, while others rely on the homes of friends to shower and change clothes. It is heartbreaking to witness the difficult situations people endure every day to stay alive.

The rising cost of living has multiple impacts on health and well-being. According to Grewal et al. (2024), increasing housing costs—one of the key components of living expenses—can have both direct and indirect health consequences. Their study indicates that:

• Financial strain from high housing and living expenses contributes to increased stress, anxiety, and depression, particularly among renters and low-income individuals.
• Food insecurity often results when households must prioritize rent or transportation over nutrition, leading to poor dietary intake and higher risks of chronic diseases.
• Limited access to healthcare arises when individuals cannot afford medical visits, medications, or preventive care due to competing financial demands.
• Housing instability or homelessness can expose individuals to unsafe environments, lack of sanitation, and interrupted social support networks, which worsen both physical and mental health outcomes.

Overall, Grewal et al. (2024) emphasize that the effects of rising housing and living costs are unequally distributed, disproportionately affecting low-income individuals who already face multiple barriers to health. This highlights the need for comprehensive policy approaches that integrate housing affordability, income support, and healthcare access as essential strategies to promote health equity.

Source: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18360-w

With the government shutdown, many aspects of daily life have been severely impacted. The rate of food insecurity is increasing, and challenges related to housing, transportation, and other social determinants of health are becoming more pressing. SNAP benefits have been frozen, leaving many families struggling to put food on the table. As a result, more individuals and families are turning to food pantries and community resources for support.

At the same time, the cost of food and necessities continues to rise, deepening the struggles faced by countless households. These are difficult times, but I want to encourage everyone affected to stay strong, remain hopeful, and trust that better days are ahead.

Here are some practical ways to cope and survive during the rising costs and government shutdown:

• You must focus on needs such as housing, food, transportation, utilities, and medication.
• Decrease or pause non-essential spending, such as new purchases, entertainment, or dining out.

  Manage Your Money Wisely

• Avoid any unnecessary debt.
• Prioritize rent/mortgage and food.
• Discuss with your utility company, landlord, or bank to explore any available payment plans or deferments during the shutdown.

Explore any available community resources

• Assess community and faith-based resources (Local food banks, churches, non-profits) for support with food and bills.
• Check your city’s website to find out what supports are available to access.

   Protect Your Mental and Emotional Health during the difficult time

• Financial insecurity can be draining. Stay connected with family, friends, and coworkers for emotional support.
• Get good exercise, rest, and be consistent with your routines
• Have faith and be hopeful that the challenges are temporary and will surely pass
• Focus on what’s within your control.

Maintain Perspective

• Use this period to build your financial discipline and strength
• Celebrate each time you pay a bill and make meals; a win is worth celebrating
• Reflect on value by focusing on more relationships, essentials, and faith than on any material things